Data
WordPress' data module serves as a hub to manage application state for both plugins and WordPress itself, providing tools to manage data within and between distinct modules. It is designed as a modular pattern for organizing and sharing data: simple enough to satisfy the needs of a small plugin, while scalable to serve the requirements of a complex single-page application.
The data module is built upon and shares many of the same core principles of Redux, but shouldn't be mistaken as merely Redux for WordPress, as it includes a few of its own distinguishing characteristics. As you read through this guide, you may find it useful to reference the Redux documentation — particularly its glossary — for more detail on core concepts.
Installation
Install the module
npm install @wordpress/data --save
This package assumes that your code will run in an ES2015+ environment. If you're using an environment that has limited or no support for ES2015+ such as lower versions of IE then using core-js or @babel/polyfill will add support for these methods. Learn more about it in Babel docs.
Registering a Store
Use the register
function to add your own store to the centralized data registry. This function accepts one argument – a store definition object that can be created with createReduxStore
factory function. createReduxStore
accepts two arguments: a name to identify the module, and an object with values describing how your state is represented, modified, and accessed. At a minimum, you must provide a reducer function describing the shape of your state and how it changes in response to actions dispatched to the store.
import apiFetch from '@wordpress/api-fetch';
import { createReduxStore, register } from '@wordpress/data';
const DEFAULT_STATE = {
prices: {},
discountPercent: 0,
};
const actions = {
setPrice( item, price ) {
return {
type: 'SET_PRICE',
item,
price,
};
},
startSale( discountPercent ) {
return {
type: 'START_SALE',
discountPercent,
};
},
fetchFromAPI( path ) {
return {
type: 'FETCH_FROM_API',
path,
};
},
};
const store = createReduxStore( 'my-shop', {
reducer( state = DEFAULT_STATE, action ) {
switch ( action.type ) {
case 'SET_PRICE':
return {
...state,
prices: {
...state.prices,
[ action.item ]: action.price,
},
};
case 'START_SALE':
return {
...state,
discountPercent: action.discountPercent,
};
}
return state;
},
actions,
selectors: {
getPrice( state, item ) {
const { prices, discountPercent } = state;
const price = prices[ item ];
return price * ( 1 - 0.01 * discountPercent );
},
},
controls: {
FETCH_FROM_API( action ) {
return apiFetch( { path: action.path } );
},
},
resolvers: {
*getPrice( item ) {
const path = '/wp/v2/prices/' + item;
const price = yield actions.fetchFromAPI( path );
return actions.setPrice( item, price );
},
},
} );
register( store );
The return value of createReduxStore
is the WPDataStore
object that contains two properties:
name
(string
) – the name of the storeinstantiate
(Function
) - it returns a Redux-like store object with the following methods:
getState()
: Returns the state value of the registered reducer
subscribe( listener: Function )
: Registers a function called any time the value of state changes.
dispatch( action: Object )
: Given an action object, calls the registered reducer and updates the state value.
Redux Store Options
reducer
A reducer is a function accepting the previous state
and action
as arguments and returns an updated state
value.
actions
The actions
object should describe all action creators available for your store. An action creator is a function that optionally accepts arguments and returns an action object to dispatch to the registered reducer. Dispatching actions is the primary mechanism for making changes to your state.
selectors
The selectors
object includes a set of functions for accessing and deriving state values. A selector is a function which accepts state and optional arguments and returns some value from state. Calling selectors is the primary mechanism for retrieving data from your state, and serve as a useful abstraction over the raw data which is typically more susceptible to change and less readily usable as a normalized object.
resolvers
A resolver is a side-effect for a selector. If your selector result may need to be fulfilled from an external source, you can define a resolver such that the first time the selector is called, the fulfillment behavior is effected.
The resolvers
option should be passed as an object where each key is the name of the selector to act upon, the value a function which receives the same arguments passed to the selector, excluding the state argument. It can then dispatch as necessary to fulfill the requirements of the selector, taking advantage of the fact that most data consumers will subscribe to subsequent state changes (by subscribe
or withSelect
).
controls
A control defines the execution flow behavior associated with a specific action type. This can be particularly useful in implementing asynchronous data flows for your store. By defining your action creator or resolvers as a generator which yields specific controlled action types, the execution will proceed as defined by the control handler.
The controls
option should be passed as an object where each key is the name of the action type to act upon, the value a function which receives the original action object. It should returns either a promise which is to resolve when evaluation of the action should continue, or a value. The value or resolved promise value is assigned on the return value of the yield assignment. If the control handler returns undefined, the execution is not continued.
Refer to the documentation of @wordpress/redux-routine
for more information.
initialState
An optional preloaded initial state for the store. You may use this to restore some serialized state value or a state generated server-side.
Generic Stores
The @wordpress/data
module offers a more advanced and generic interface for the purposes of integrating other data systems and situations where more direct control over a data system is needed. In this case, a data store will need to be implemented outside of @wordpress/data
and then plugged in via three functions:
getSelectors()
: Returns an object of selector functions, pre-mapped to the store.getActions()
: Returns an object of action functions, pre-mapped to the store.subscribe( listener: Function )
: Registers a function called any time the value of state changes.
- Behaves as Redux
subscribe
with the following differences:
- Doesn't have to implement an unsubscribe, since the registry never uses it.
- Only has to support one listener (the registry).
By implementing the above interface for your custom store, you gain the benefits of using the registry and the withSelect
and withDispatch
higher order components in your application code. This provides seamless integration with existing and alternative data systems.
Integrating an existing redux store with its own reducers, store enhancers and middleware can be accomplished as follows:
Example:
import existingSelectors from './existing-app/selectors';
import existingActions from './existing-app/actions';
import createStore from './existing-app/store';
import { registerGenericStore } from 'wordpress/data';
const reduxStore = createStore();
const mappedSelectors = Object.keys( existingSelectors ).reduce(
( acc, selectorKey ) => {
acc[ selectorKey ] = ( ...args ) =>
existingSelectors[ selectorKey ]( reduxStore.getState(), ...args );
return acc;
},
{}
);
const mappedActions = Object.keys( existingActions ).reduce(
( acc, actionKey ) => {
acc[ actionKey ] = ( ...args ) =>
reduxStore.dispatch( existingActions[ actionKey ]( ...args ) );
return acc;
},
{}
);
const genericStore = {
getSelectors() {
return mappedSelectors;
},
getActions() {
return mappedActions;
},
subscribe: reduxStore.subscribe,
};
registerGenericStore( 'existing-app', genericStore );
It is also possible to implement a completely custom store from scratch:
Example:
import { registerGenericStore } from '@wordpress/data';
function createCustomStore() {
let storeChanged = () => {};
const prices = { hammer: 7.5 };
const selectors = {
getPrice( itemName ) {
return prices[ itemName ];
},
};
const actions = {
setPrice( itemName, price ) {
prices[ itemName ] = price;
storeChanged();
},
};
return {
getSelectors() {
return selectors;
},
getActions() {
return actions;
},
subscribe( listener ) {
storeChanged = listener;
},
};
}
registerGenericStore( 'custom-data', createCustomStore() );
Comparison with Redux
The data module shares many of the same core principles and API method naming of Redux. In fact, it is implemented atop Redux. Where it differs is in establishing a modularization pattern for creating separate but interdependent stores, and in codifying conventions such as selector functions as the primary entry point for data access.
The higher-order components were created to complement this distinction. The intention with splitting withSelect
and withDispatch
— where in React Redux they are combined under connect
as mapStateToProps
and mapDispatchToProps
arguments — is to more accurately reflect that dispatch is not dependent upon a subscription to state changes, and to allow for state-derived values to be used in withDispatch
(via higher-order component composition).
The data module also has built-in solutions for handling asynchronous side-effects, through resolvers and controls. These differ slightly from standard redux async solutions like redux-thunk
or redux-saga
.
Specific implementation differences from Redux and React Redux:
- In Redux, a
subscribe
listener is called on every dispatch, regardless of whether the value of state has changed.
- In
@wordpress/data
, a subscriber is only called when state has changed.
- In React Redux, a
mapStateToProps
function must return an object.
- In
@wordpress/data
, a withSelect
mapping function can return undefined
if it has no props to inject.
- In React Redux, the
mapDispatchToProps
argument can be defined as an object or a function.
- In
@wordpress/data
, the withDispatch
higher-order component creator must be passed a function.
API
# AsyncModeProvider
Context Provider Component used to switch the data module component rerendering
between Sync and Async modes.
Usage
import { useSelect, AsyncModeProvider } from '@wordpress/data';
function BlockCount() {
const count = useSelect( ( select ) => {
return select( 'core/block-editor' ).getBlockCount()
}, [] );
return count;
}
function App() {
return (
<AsyncModeProvider value={ true }>
<BlockCount />
</AsyncModeProvider>
);
}
In this example, the BlockCount component is rerendered asynchronously.
It means if a more critical task is being performed (like typing in an input),
the rerendering is delayed until the browser becomes IDLE.
It is possible to nest multiple levels of AsyncModeProvider to fine-tune the rendering behavior.
Parameters
- props.value
boolean
: Enable Async Mode.
Returns
WPComponent
: The component to be rendered.
# combineReducers
The combineReducers helper function turns an object whose values are different
reducing functions into a single reducing function you can pass to registerReducer.
Usage
import { combineReducers, createReduxStore, register } from '@wordpress/data';
const prices = ( state = {}, action ) => {
return action.type === 'SET_PRICE' ?
{
...state,
[ action.item ]: action.price,
} :
state;
};
const discountPercent = ( state = 0, action ) => {
return action.type === 'START_SALE' ?
action.discountPercent :
state;
};
const store = createReduxStore( 'my-shop', {
reducer: combineReducers( {
prices,
discountPercent,
} ),
} );
register( store );
Parameters
- reducers
Object
: An object whose values correspond to different reducing functions that need to be combined into one.
Returns
Function
: A reducer that invokes every reducer inside the reducers object, and constructs a state object with the same shape.
# controls
Undocumented declaration.
# createReduxStore
Creates a data store definition for the provided Redux store options containing
properties describing reducer, actions, selectors, controls and resolvers.
Usage
import { createReduxStore } from '@wordpress/data';
const store = createReduxStore( 'demo', {
reducer: ( state = 'OK' ) => state,
selectors: {
getValue: ( state ) => state,
},
} );
Parameters
- key
string
: Unique namespace identifier. - options
WPDataReduxStoreConfig
: Registered store options, with properties describing reducer, actions, selectors, and resolvers.
Returns
WPDataStore
: Store Object.
# createRegistry
Creates a new store registry, given an optional object of initial store
configurations.
Parameters
- storeConfigs
Object
: Initial store configurations. - parent
Object?
: Parent registry.
Returns
WPDataRegistry
: Data registry.
# createRegistryControl
Creates a control function that takes additional curried argument with the registry
object.
While a regular control has signature
( action ) => ( iteratorOrPromise )
where the control works with the action
that it's bound to, a registry control has signature:
( registry ) => ( action ) => ( iteratorOrPromise )
A registry control is typically used to select data or dispatch an action to a registered
store.
When registering a control created with createRegistryControl
with a store, the store
knows which calling convention to use when executing the control.
Parameters
- registryControl
Function
: Function receiving a registry object and returning a control.
Returns
Function
: Registry control that can be registered with a store.
# createRegistrySelector
Creates a selector function that takes additional curried argument with the
registry select
function. While a regular selector has signature
( state, ...selectorArgs ) => ( result )
that allows to select data from the store's state
, a registry selector
has signature:
( select ) => ( state, ...selectorArgs ) => ( result )
that supports also selecting from other registered stores.
Usage
const getCurrentPostId = createRegistrySelector( ( select ) => ( state ) => {
return select( 'core/editor' ).getCurrentPostId();
} );
const getPostEdits = createRegistrySelector( ( select ) => ( state ) => {
const postType = getCurrentPostType( state );
const postId = getCurrentPostId( state );
return select( 'core' ).getEntityRecordEdits( 'postType', postType, postId );
} );
Note how the getCurrentPostId
selector can be called just like any other function,
(it works even inside a regular non-registry selector) and we don't need to pass the
registry as argument. The registry binding happens automatically when registering the selector
with a store.
Parameters
- registrySelector
Function
: Function receiving a registry select
function and returning a state selector.
Returns
Function
: Registry selector that can be registered with a store.
# dispatch
Given the name of a registered store, returns an object of the store's action creators.
Calling an action creator will cause it to be dispatched, updating the state value accordingly.
Note: Action creators returned by the dispatch will return a promise when
they are called.
Usage
import { dispatch } from '@wordpress/data';
dispatch( 'my-shop' ).setPrice( 'hammer', 9.75 );
Parameters
- storeNameOrDefinition
string|WPDataStore
: Unique namespace identifier for the store or the store definition.
Returns
Object
: Object containing the action creators.
# plugins
Object of available plugins to use with a registry.
Related
Type
# register
Registers a standard @wordpress/data
store definition.
Usage
import { createReduxStore, register } from '@wordpress/data';
const store = createReduxStore( 'demo', {
reducer: ( state = 'OK' ) => state,
selectors: {
getValue: ( state ) => state,
},
} );
register( store );
Parameters
- store
WPDataStore
: Store definition.
# registerGenericStore
Deprecated Use register
instead.
Registers a generic store.
Parameters
- key
string
: Store registry key. - config
Object
: Configuration (getSelectors, getActions, subscribe).
# registerStore
Deprecated Use register
instead.
Registers a standard @wordpress/data
store.
Parameters
- storeName
string
: Unique namespace identifier for the store. - options
Object
: Store description (reducer, actions, selectors, resolvers).
Returns
Object
: Registered store object.
# RegistryConsumer
A custom react Context consumer exposing the provided registry
to
children components. Used along with the RegistryProvider.
You can read more about the react context api here:
https://reactjs.org/docs/context.html#contextprovider
Usage
import {
RegistryProvider,
RegistryConsumer,
createRegistry
} from '@wordpress/data';
const registry = createRegistry( {} );
const App = ( { props } ) => {
return <RegistryProvider value={ registry }>
<div>Hello There</div>
<RegistryConsumer>
{ ( registry ) => (
<ComponentUsingRegistry
{ ...props }
registry={ registry }
) }
</RegistryConsumer>
</RegistryProvider>
}
# RegistryProvider
A custom Context provider for exposing the provided registry
to children
components via a consumer.
See RegistryConsumer documentation for
example.
# resolveSelect
Given the name of a registered store, returns an object containing the store's
selectors pre-bound to state so that you only need to supply additional arguments,
and modified so that they return promises that resolve to their eventual values,
after any resolvers have ran.
Usage
import { resolveSelect } from '@wordpress/data';
resolveSelect( 'my-shop' ).getPrice( 'hammer' ).then(console.log)
Parameters
- storeNameOrDefinition
string|WPDataStore
: Unique namespace identifier for the store or the store definition.
Returns
Object
: Object containing the store's promise-wrapped selectors.
# select
Given the name or definition of a registered store, returns an object of the store's selectors.
The selector functions are been pre-bound to pass the current state automatically.
As a consumer, you need only pass arguments of the selector, if applicable.
Usage
import { select } from '@wordpress/data';
select( 'my-shop' ).getPrice( 'hammer' );
Parameters
- storeNameOrDefinition
string|WPDataStore
: Unique namespace identifier for the store or the store definition.
Returns
Object
: Object containing the store's selectors.
# subscribe
Given a listener function, the function will be called any time the state value
of one of the registered stores has changed. This function returns a unsubscribe
function used to stop the subscription.
Usage
import { subscribe } from '@wordpress/data';
const unsubscribe = subscribe( () => {
} );
unsubscribe();
Parameters
- listener
Function
: Callback function.
# use
Extends a registry to inherit functionality provided by a given plugin. A
plugin is an object with properties aligning to that of a registry, merged
to extend the default registry behavior.
Parameters
- plugin
Object
: Plugin object.
# useDispatch
A custom react hook returning the current registry dispatch actions creators.
Note: The component using this hook must be within the context of a
RegistryProvider.
Usage
This illustrates a pattern where you may need to retrieve dynamic data from
the server via the useSelect
hook to use in combination with the dispatch
action.
import { useDispatch, useSelect } from '@wordpress/data';
import { useCallback } from '@wordpress/element';
function Button( { onClick, children } ) {
return <button type="button" onClick={ onClick }>{ children }</button>
}
const SaleButton = ( { children } ) => {
const { stockNumber } = useSelect(
( select ) => select( 'my-shop' ).getStockNumber(),
[]
);
const { startSale } = useDispatch( 'my-shop' );
const onClick = useCallback( () => {
const discountPercent = stockNumber > 50 ? 10: 20;
startSale( discountPercent );
}, [ stockNumber ] );
return <Button onClick={ onClick }>{ children }</Button>
}
Parameters
- storeNameOrDefinition
[string|WPDataStore]
: Optionally provide the name of the store or its definition from which to retrieve action creators. If not provided, the registry.dispatch function is returned instead.
Returns
Function
: A custom react hook.
# useRegistry
A custom react hook exposing the registry context for use.
This exposes the registry
value provided via the
Registry Provider to a component implementing
this hook.
It acts similarly to the useContext
react hook.
Note: Generally speaking, useRegistry
is a low level hook that in most cases
won't be needed for implementation. Most interactions with the @wordpress/data
API can be performed via the useSelect
hook, or the withSelect
and
withDispatch
higher order components.
Usage
import {
RegistryProvider,
createRegistry,
useRegistry,
} from '@wordpress/data';
const registry = createRegistry( {} );
const SomeChildUsingRegistry = ( props ) => {
const registry = useRegistry( registry );
};
const ParentProvidingRegistry = ( props ) => {
return <RegistryProvider value={ registry }>
<SomeChildUsingRegistry { ...props } />
</RegistryProvider>
};
Returns
Function
: A custom react hook exposing the registry context value.
# useSelect
Custom react hook for retrieving props from registered selectors.
In general, this custom React hook follows the
rules of hooks.
Usage
import { useSelect } from '@wordpress/data';
function HammerPriceDisplay( { currency } ) {
const price = useSelect( ( select ) => {
return select( 'my-shop' ).getPrice( 'hammer', currency )
}, [ currency ] );
return new Intl.NumberFormat( 'en-US', {
style: 'currency',
currency,
} ).format( price );
}
In the above example, when HammerPriceDisplay
is rendered into an
application, the price will be retrieved from the store state using the
mapSelect
callback on useSelect
. If the currency prop changes then
any price in the state for that currency is retrieved. If the currency prop
doesn't change and other props are passed in that do change, the price will
not change because the dependency is just the currency.
When data is only used in an event callback, the data should not be retrieved
on render, so it may be useful to get the selectors function instead.
Don't use useSelect
this way when calling the selectors in the render
function because your component won't re-render on a data change.
import { useSelect } from '@wordpress/data';
function Paste( { children } ) {
const { getSettings } = useSelect( 'my-shop' );
function onPaste() {
const settings = getSettings();
}
return <div onPaste={ onPaste }>{ children }</div>;
}
Parameters
- _mapSelect
Function|WPDataStore|string
: Function called on every state change. The returned value is exposed to the component implementing this hook. The function receives the registry.select
method on the first argument and the registry
on the second argument. When a store key is passed, all selectors for the store will be returned. This is only meant for usage of these selectors in event callbacks, not for data needed to create the element tree. - deps
Array
: If provided, this memoizes the mapSelect so the same mapSelect
is invoked on every state change unless the dependencies change.
Returns
Function
: A custom react hook.
# withDispatch
Higher-order component used to add dispatch props using registered action
creators.
Usage
function Button( { onClick, children } ) {
return <button type="button" onClick={ onClick }>{ children }</button>;
}
import { withDispatch } from '@wordpress/data';
const SaleButton = withDispatch( ( dispatch, ownProps ) => {
const { startSale } = dispatch( 'my-shop' );
const { discountPercent } = ownProps;
return {
onClick() {
startSale( discountPercent );
},
};
} )( Button );
In the majority of cases, it will be sufficient to use only two first params
passed to mapDispatchToProps
as illustrated in the previous example.
However, there might be some very advanced use cases where using the
registry
object might be used as a tool to optimize the performance of
your component. Using select
function from the registry might be useful
when you need to fetch some dynamic data from the store at the time when the
event is fired, but at the same time, you never use it to render your
component. In such scenario, you can avoid using the withSelect
higher
order component to compute such prop, which might lead to unnecessary
re-renders of your component caused by its frequent value change.
Keep in mind, that mapDispatchToProps
must return an object with functions
only.
function Button( { onClick, children } ) {
return <button type="button" onClick={ onClick }>{ children }</button>;
}
import { withDispatch } from '@wordpress/data';
const SaleButton = withDispatch( ( dispatch, ownProps, { select } ) => {
const { getStockNumber } = select( 'my-shop' );
const { startSale } = dispatch( 'my-shop' );
return {
onClick() {
const discountPercent = getStockNumber() > 50 ? 10 : 20;
startSale( discountPercent );
},
};
} )( Button );
Note: It is important that the mapDispatchToProps
function always
returns an object with the same keys. For example, it should not contain
conditions under which a different value would be returned.
Parameters
- mapDispatchToProps
Function
: A function of returning an object of prop names where value is a dispatch-bound action creator, or a function to be called with the component's props and returning an action creator.
Returns
WPComponent
: Enhanced component with merged dispatcher props.
# withRegistry
Higher-order component which renders the original component with the current
registry context passed as its registry
prop.
Parameters
- OriginalComponent
WPComponent
: Original component.
Returns
WPComponent
: Enhanced component.
# withSelect
Higher-order component used to inject state-derived props using registered
selectors.
Usage
import { withSelect } from '@wordpress/data';
function PriceDisplay( { price, currency } ) {
return new Intl.NumberFormat( 'en-US', {
style: 'currency',
currency,
} ).format( price );
}
const HammerPriceDisplay = withSelect( ( select, ownProps ) => {
const { getPrice } = select( 'my-shop' );
const { currency } = ownProps;
return {
price: getPrice( 'hammer', currency ),
};
} )( PriceDisplay );
In the above example, when HammerPriceDisplay
is rendered into an
application, it will pass the price into the underlying PriceDisplay
component and update automatically if the price of a hammer ever changes in
the store.
Parameters
- mapSelectToProps
Function
: Function called on every state change, expected to return object of props to merge with the component's own props.
Returns
WPComponent
: Enhanced component with merged state data props.
Going further